The Rational Model Of Organizational Decision Making Essay

CHAPTER TWO PROJECT EXECUTION AND EXPERIENCE 2.1 Schedule of Activities of Students for the Project Work 2.2 Explanation of Theories Used Organizational decision making is defined as the process of responding to a problem by searching for and selecting a solution or course of action that will create value for organizational stakeholders. Decision making is a critical responsibility in leadership and the ability to make the right decisions is imperative to the success of every organization. Over the years, various models and theories have been developed to explain how organizations make decisions. This paper shall consider a few of the models and explain how these models and theories apply in the context of the topic of this research. I. The Rational Model of Organizational Decision Making This model is based on the logic of optimal choice: the choice that would maximize value for the organization. The manager is assumed to be an objective, totally informed person who would select the most efficient alternative, maximizing whatever amount and type of output s/he values. We can summarize the rational choice process as follows: 1. An individual is confronted with a number of known alternative courses of action. 2. Each alternative bears a set of possible consequences. These consequences are known and are quantifiable. 3. The individual has a system of preferences or utilities that permits him or her to rank the consequences and choose an alternative. There isShow MoreRelatedDecision Making Of A Bse Veterinary Service846 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Companies all over the world are faced with decision daily. Some decisions are small in nature with minimal effects on the company or its employees. While other decisions have a tremendous effect on the entire company. 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Additionally, the visible structures, systems, slogans, behaviors, and physical settings are the observable cultural symbols that communicate what an organization values. An insider would have greater awareness and discernment of the internal cultural elements and subcultures within an organization. Furthermore, an insider would know how organizational activities

The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior

The Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior: Potential Sex Differences study that was conducted by Bruce D. Bartholow, of University of Missouri – Columbia, and Craig A. Anderson, of Iowa State University, examined how playing a violent video game affected levels of aggression displayed in a laboratory setting. Recently, violent behavior in children and teenagers has gained more and more attention as video games have become more popular. The study mentions that, in contrast to Eastern cultures, Western culture believes that people are responsible for their own individual behaviors. In modern times, after school shootings, reports indicate or lead toward that the shooters were viewed as loners or outsiders within the student body. With evidence has piled up in regard to children being exposed to violent media through television or video games, political figures and policy makes have started to examine the influences that this media plays in promoting aggressive behavior. Researchers for this study tried to understand if video games effect males and females in similar ways and how that related to the theory of violence creating violence. As stated previously, the theory being tested is that if violent media content increases the likelihood for aggressive behavior, and if that varies depending on the gender of the person in question. Researchers for this study hypothesized that participants who played the violent video game would later display more aggressionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior Essay2109 Words   |  9 Pagespopular being video games. Since their introduction, professionals and parents have become concerned with the addictive power that video games can have on people, particularly children and adolescents. Today, concern has shifted from the addictive effects of video game playing to the possible effects that they have on players’ aggression levels. As defining aggression as any thoughts or behaviors related with the intention to cause harm. Many scholars have been researching videogames effects on childrenRead MoreVideo Game Violence : The Cause Of Violent Video Games1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmentioned that the cause of violent video games became an issue for public debate after teenagers and the main cause of this is the parallel effect. Based on th e Studies done for violent video games correspond with individuals having violent acts. Also, young adolescents reveal that those who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive and see the world as more hostile. The article also revealed that this acts would be a coincidence or a cause from playing violent videos. Additionally, researchersRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreViolent Video Games : Positive And Negative Effects On Children And Adolescents774 Words   |  4 Pagesgaming systems, violent video games have become well-liked by children and adolescents. The playing of violent video games has always been a controversial topic, but in recent years it has become a heated debate. Whether the playing of these games desensitize the player or not. Video games have been around since the late 1970s, however violent video games were introduced in the 1990s. In recent years the violence in games have increased along with the enhanced graphics making the games more realisticRead MoreViolent Video Games And Its Influence On Behavior1187 Words   |  5 Pages The Timing of Violent Video Games and Its Influence on Aggressive Behaviors What images pop up in your head when you hear the word aggression? Have you ever thought whether violence portrayed in different forms of media make people more aggressive? The immediate reaction to such a word is fighting or violence. Many issues are determinants of aggression but media violence has played a huge role in influencing aggressive behavior. Over the past years, aggression has been tied to numerousRead MoreDo Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior?1713 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding the effects of violent video games and the development of today’s youth. Many people believe that the violence in video games promotes aggression. According to Doctor Brad Bushman’s article, Do Violent Video Games Increase Aggression? he claims that violent video games leads to aggression because it is interactive process that teaches and rewards violent behavior. Yet others believe that this not the case. Gregg Toppo of the Scientific American, writes in his article , â€Å"Do Video Games InspireRead MoreVideo Game : Video Games1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe violent video games that are commonly played by boys and girls, young and old alike in today’s society. Many experts fear that this violence in video games increases violence in people in real life, causing people to act out as if they were in the video game, increasing aggressive behavior so much that it could actually escalate to shooting, stabbing, and killing people. 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Technology has allowed video games to become very sophisticated and lifelike. This development has brought video games to a multi-billion dollar industry. Nevertheless, with the level of practicality, there are also negative affects to humanity. Since the manufacture of viole nt video games, there has been a constant quarrel whether or notRead MoreAdolescent Aggression Based on Violent Videogames1645 Words   |  7 PagesAggression Based on Violent Videogames Violent video games played by millions of people every day results in animated characters having hearts ripped out, heads decapitated, and blood squirting across the screen as their mutilated bodies are erased from the screen. Most players play these games to pass the time, increase hand eye coordination, and create harmless competitions amongst those playing. However, some who play these games are entranced by the violent aggressive behaviors demonstrated

Cyclical Unemployment and Structural Unemployment

Question: Discuss about the Cyclical Unemployment and Structural Unemployment. Answer: Introduction: Countries focusing on economic development at all levels consider unemployment as a pain-staking affair that makes the whole systems process vulnerable. It brings poverty along with desolation from the conventional way of life. It is described as an observable fact that takes place when an individual who is vigorously looking for a job is not able to find any. The unemployments rate is one of the most common procedures in measuring unemployment. The rate of unemployment is defined as the measure of the occurrence of unemployment. It is measured as a percentage, which is obtained by dividing the number of unemployed by all individuals who are presently in the work force. A high rate of unemployment is mostly common during the periods of recession. The circumstances that are surrounded around the current economic performance of Australia are quite diverse as compared to the previous circumstance (Hobson 2013). This essay offers a concise impression about the diverse types of unemployment in numerous states of Australia. It shows that the economy of Australia has experienced huge changes in the characteristics of what it produces and how it produces. These are mostly caused by the changes in technology. The greatest damage to an individual is mostly done by unemployment that continues for months or years. It shows provides an overview about the government policy in Australia. Australian states like NSW, Tasmania, SA and WA are in the process of applying diversified strategies related to unemployment. The economy is faced with various sorts of unemployment where the extreme sort of unemployment is cyclical unemployment. It takes place when there is not satisfactory aggregate demand in the economy to provide jobs for each person who desires to work. Most of the economists describe cyclical unemployment as a situation that takes place due to inadequate demand for labor in a business (Quercia, Pennington-Cross and Tian 2014). The downturn in the business cycle mostly leads to this type of unemployment. It generally occurs when the economy contracts, as calculated by Gross Domestic Product. It is termed as cyclical because, the unemployed individuals mostly are rehired when the economy re-enters the expansion phase of the business cycle. Cyclical unemployment is one of the three major classes of unemployment as acknowledged by economists. Other types on unemployment includes structural and frictional. A feature of overall unemployment that associates to the cyclical trends in expansio n and production that takes place within the business cycle. Cyclical unemployment tends to be low when business cycles hit the highest point. This is mostly because total economic productivity is being maximized. With the fall in economic output, the business cycle lowers and cyclical unemployment increases. The Great Depression is one of the biggest example of cyclical unemployment (Diamond 2013). Structural unemployment mostly deals with the structural issues within an economy as well as inefficiencies in the labor market. It also arises when there is a disparity between the skills of the unemployed individuals as well as skills that required for the jobs that are available. The most imperative reason that leads to structural unemployment is globalization. If the local area of a country is affected by structural unemployment, it is termed as regional unemployment. It is a longer-lasting form of unemployment, which takes place due to elementary changes in the economy. The lack of required job skills of the workers mostly leads to structural unemployment and it takes place due to several forces other than the business cycle. In other words, structural unemployment can last for decades and may require essential change to equalize the situation. Another most common type of unemployment is frictional unemployment that is also referred to as search unemployment. It takes place when employees lose their present job and in the procedure of searching another one. This type on unemployment is mostly influenced by voluntary choice to work on the basis of the valuation of individuals. It also suggests that full-time unemployment is not possible at any point of time as few employees will always be in the procedure to change jobs (Quercia, Pennington-Cross and Tian 2014). The diagram illustrates demand deficient unemployment that mostly takes place due to lack of aggregate demand. The lack leads to fall in the level of output as well as the level of price. This mostly takes place due to inadequate demand in the economy in order to maintain a full-time employment. It might lead to greater rate of long-term unemployment. When individuals become unemployed, they either become de-skilled or de motivated. As a result, they might find it difficult to get a job in the future. Hence, a period of cyclical unemployment could diminish long-term productive capability. Cyclical unemployment is also associated with demand deficit unemployment and they are mostly used interchangeably (Thirlwall 2015). On the other hand, unemployment can also be divided into voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Involuntary unemployment indicates a circumstance in which not all able individuals who has the desire to work at the existing wage are getting work. This type of unemployment takes place due to lack of aggregate demand that is adequate to ensure full employment. It also illustrates the excess supply of labor, which the rigid rate of wage has failed to eradicate. In other words, with the existence of involuntary unemployment, it is not possible to gain the equilibrium of full employment. Voluntary unemployment describes a circumstance when individuals who are able to work but are not eager to do a job. Such individuals are not considered as the part of the labor force (Harvey 2016). The observation of unemployment is not a specific perception in countries like Australia. If an individual in Australia do not work for at least an hour in a week, they are considered as unemployed. There are three general types of circumstances, which led to labor markets in Australia. The first type is the stronger labor market circumstance; the second is the weaker labor market circumstance; and the third is the ideal labor market circumstance. However, the weaker labor market fact in Australia mostly leads to unemployment. This type of unemployment takes place when the labor supply by households is increasing comparative to the demand for labor by markets. The most common factor that leads to weaker labor markets are high rate of unemployment, decreasing job vacancies, diminished growth of employment as well as rising duration of unemployment. This indicates that the common type of unemployment in Australia is cyclical unemployment (Milner, Page and LaMontagne 2013). The above graph illustrates the rate of unemployment trend in Australia over the past 30 years. It was severely high during the early 1990s that led to high level of recession. However, the lowest rate of unemployment in the period took place just before the financial crisis. The unemployment rate in Australia is closely interrelated with economic growth, present rates of interest as well as future expectation of interest rate (Kler, Leeves and Shankar 2015). There are several issues that are related to long-term unemployment, which in turn generates social and economic problems in Australia. A sharp increase in long-term unemployment takes an increasing toll on the collective welfare of Australia. It also leads to loss of income as well as societal problems that affects individuals in a negative manner. According to reports, the long-term unemployment to collective welfare of Australia has reached $3.3 billion per year. Costs generated by unemployment are measured as dead losses as such costs do not create any profits or benefits. Long-drawn-out unemployment can also lead to increase in protectionist as well as anti-immigration propensities in society. Unemployment generally leads to financial cost to the country, as governments are forced to distribute larger amounts of unemployed benefits. The most common negative impact of long-term unemployment is skills deteriorate. In Australia, most of the production of commodities and services is manufactured through formal economy. In other words, most of the individuals in Australia work for wages. Some groups face elevated risk of being unemployed as compared to the average (Gregory and Smith 2016). Australia had experienced a detonation in real wages in current years, especially when viewed from the perspective of workers. This had mostly occurred due to decrease in the rate of inflation rather than any boom in growth of nominal wages. However, the real wage boom was considered to apparent when measured from perspective of the producers rather than the perspective of the employees. This wedge between producers and employees had been formed due to changes in the terms of trade as well as changes in policy (Morris and Wilson 2014). The boom of real wage had contributed greatly to the increasing rate of unemployment in Australia. Australia has the highest rate of part-time workers that reflects a moderately elastic labor market assisting individuals to choose the number of hours of work that best suits their individual circumstances. The increasing importance of part-time workers illustrates an imperative structural change in the Australian labor market. With federal fixing of wage, pressure of wages in one sector of Australia is probable to flow more quickly into other parts of the economy, even where demand for labor was less perceptible (Mavromaras, Sloane and Wei 2015). Australia mostly operates an active immigration program that comprises of three key components. The first component deals with skilled migrants who are selected for their probable rapid incorporation into the labor market of Australia. Migrants to Australia comprise individuals from non-English speaking backgrounds. According to ABS reports, the rate of unemployment decreased in New South Wales (NSW) from 0.1 percent to 5.9 percent as well as in Queensland (Qld) from 0.1 percent to 6.3 percent. However, in Victoria the rate of unemployment increased up 0.1 percent to 6.2 percent. The rate of unemployment has also been steady in Western Australia (WA) at 6.1 percent. The Northern Territory witnessed its unemployment rate being increased to 4.9 percent from 0.2 percent. Due to financial crisis, most of the states of Australia had rates of unemployment from 5.2 percent to 5.5 percent (Sharma, Oczkowski and Hicks 2016). The trend of unemployment did not change in Tasmania, as it was 7.3 percent in the year 2015, which is similar to the previous year. It also remained higher as compared to the national rate of 5.1 percent. As compared to other states and territories, Tasmania recorded the highest rate of unemployment at 7.3 percent whereas; Australia Capital Territory (ACT) recorded the lowest rate of unemployment that is equal to 3.4 percent. The two largest states of Australia have the healthiest labor markets. The total unemployment and under-employment in NSW records a total of 15.2 percent. The graph shows the comparison of unemployment and under-employment in different states of Australia (Carvalho 2015). According to the ABS, the rate of unemployment had remained steady at 5.7 percent with an approximated addition of 17,900 jobs. It has also been reported that there were almost 153,800 full-time workers in Tasmania in the year 2014, however; at present there are only 143,800 full-time workers. This provides a difference of 10,000. According to most of the economists, Australia requires to create almost 20,000 jobs in order to stable unemployment rate. However, the overall increase in jobs was in part-time work rather than full-time work. The rate of unemployed is increasing as the unemployed are rousingly giving up searching for full-time work. As per the recent data, there were almost 232,200 individuals were employed in Tasmania in the year 2013. However, the number decreased in the year 2014 to 232,000 that indicated that only 200 people employed. The rate of unemployment increased in Victoria in the year 2016 up to 5.8 percent whereas; it increased to 5.7 percent in Western Australia (Nymoen and Sparrman 2015). In order to maintain a socio-economic condition, every country has a developed policy to reduce its rate of unemployment as well as to increase employment. The commitments of Australia on broad macro and microeconomic strategies will help to stabilize the economy. This will in turn lead to creation of private sector jobs. The settings of government policy lead to the creation of substantial fiscal position as well as reduced business costs (Carraro Siniscalco 2013). The government of Australia commits to achieve budget surplus over the course of the economic cycle. They are also likely to make a stronger investment to increase productivity and labor force participation. The macroeconomic policy commitments also require strengthening of balance sheet of the government to improve net financial worth over the course of time (Lloyd and Ramsay 2015). Under the macroeconomic policy framework of the government, automatic fiscal stabilizers as the major demand management tool that support the monetary policy acts. Different states of Australia apply different policies that are related to unemployment. In order to enhance employment, states such as ACT, Western Australia and NSW are following the policy of low minimum wages. They follow this policy in order to make it easier for the employers to hire more workers that will reduce the rate of unemployment. On the other hand, Victoria, Qld, Tasmania and South Australia situates the minimum wage lower than that of the present minimum wage to reduce the rate of unemployment (Gal 2015). According to Weiss (2014), the Commonwealth and State government of Australia had undertaken fiscal consolidation at a measured pace that would help to reinstate the structural reliability of the government revenues over the medium term. The Australian government also provides unemployment benefits to the individuals who are unemployed for more than 12 months in order to encourage them to obtain employment. The policy of the government also includes commitments that will help to increase competitiveness as well as support investment. The government believes that private investment and private enterprise are regarded as the major drivers of economic growth as well as nationwide propensity. The government is also implanting new industry innovation and competitiveness agenda that will provide the employees with the skills that they require adapting to the changing economic circumstances and seizing new prospects. Government is also dedicated to cut the costs from trade on redundant red and green tape. This in turn helps trade to get free to provide jobs and accomplish required social and environmental objectives (Makin and Pearce 2016). The government had also introduced an expanded Work for the Dole program to eradicate the rate of youth unemployment. The government had also decided to provide $A 2,500 job commitment bonus to those individuals who have been unemployed for more than a year. The government had also introduced generous Trade Support Loan in order to make sure that the beginners of Australia receive a support that they require to get a job. Unemployment is larger than necessary due to the fact that the tighter monetary policy in Australia discouraged some investment that in turn leads to accumulation of capital as well as substantial output growth. One of the best policy that helped to reduce the rate of unemployment was quicker movements in fiscal policy in order to dampen the economic shocks. Monetary policy on the other hand, was used to accomplish an inflation target in the broad range of 2-6 percent (Considine, O'Sullivan and Nguyen 2014). It can be concluded that the short-term effects related to unemployment was deregulation that lowered wages in the economy that led to increase in employment. However, there has been very little effect on wages and employment in the center. It can be concluded that in order to reduce unemployment rate it is imperative to involve more active labor market programs along with augmented participation in education and training. This will in turn contribute to a more flexible and adaptable labor market in Australia. This will also help Australia to have a lower rate of unemployment as compared to the other OECD countries. The boom of real wage had contributed greatly to the increasing rate of unemployment in Australia. Australia has the highest rate of part-time workers that reflects a comparatively flexible labor market facilitating individuals to choose the number of hours of work that best suits their individual situation. The enhancing performance of the labor market illustrates a payo ff from the broad range of macroeconomic and microeconomic reforms. It can also be concluded that when unemployment is combined with high rate of productivity, it helps to enhance economic and social outcomes that will in turn help individuals to make a correct decision regarding jobs. It can also be concluded that there are several factors that influence the rate of unemployment. These mostly include prevailing economic surrounding as well as the institutional and policy structure for the labor market. Longer-term trends in the participation rates of Australia are driven hugely by structural factors rather than by short-term fluctuation in the labor market. The incentive that individuals on wellbeing and other benefits have to enter employment is also an imperative part of structural factors. it can also be concluded that a sharp increase in long-term unemployment takes an increasing toll on the collective welfare of Australia. References Carraro, C., Siniscalco, D. (Eds.). (2013).Environmental fiscal reform and unemployment(Vol. 7). Springer Science Business Media. Carvalho, P., 2015. Youth unemployment in Australia. Policy: A Journal of Public Policy and Ideas, 31(4), p.36. Considine, M., O'Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P., 2014. New public management and welfare-to-work in Australia: Comparing the reform agendas of the ALP and the Coalition. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp.469-485. Diamond, P., 2013. Cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment. IMF Economic Review, 61(3), pp.410-455. Dividend.net.au. (2017).3 Charts that shows Australia Unemployment Rate by State. [online] Available at: https://dividend.net.au/australia-unemployment-rate-by-state/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Gal, J., 2015. Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Gregory, R.G. and Smith, R.E., 2016. 15 Unemployment, Inflation and Job Creation Policies in Australia. Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making, p.325. Harvey, J.T., 2016. An Introduction to Post Keynesian Economics: Involuntary Unemployment With Perfectly Flexible Wages and Prices. The American Economist, 61(2), pp.140-156. Hobson, J.A., 2013. The Economics of Unemployment (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Kler, P., Leeves, G. and Shankar, S., 2015. Nothing to fear but fear itself: Perceptions of job security in Australia after the global financial crisis.Social Indicators Research,123(3), pp.753-769. Lloyd, C. and Ramsay, T., 2015. Macroeconomic prosperity and social inclusion: From long-run history to the shock of may 2014 [Book Review]. Journal of Australian Political Economy, The, (74), p.38. Makin, A.J. and Pearce, J., 2016. Fiscal Consolidation and Australia's Public Debt. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 75(4), pp.424-440. Mavromaras, K., Sloane, P. and Wei, Z., 2015. The scarring effects of unemployment, low pay and skills under-utilization in Australia compared. Applied economics, 47(23), pp.2413-2429. Milner, A., Page, A. and LaMontagne, A.D., 2013. Duration of unemployment and suicide in Australia over the period 19852006: an ecological investigation by sex and age during rising versus declining national unemployment rates. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 67(3), pp.237-244. Morris, A. and Wilson, S., 2014. Struggling on the Newstart unemployment benefit in Australia: The experience of a neoliberal form of employment assistance. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 25(2), pp.202-221. Nymoen, R. and Sparrman, V., 2015. Equilibrium unemployment dynamics in a panel of OECD countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 77(2), pp.164-190. Quercia, R.G., Pennington-Cross, A. and Tian, C.Y., 2014. Differential impacts of structural and cyclical unemployment on mortgage default and prepayment. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp.1-22. Quercia, R.G., Pennington-Cross, A. and Tian, C.Y., 2014. Differential impacts of structural and cyclical unemployment on mortgage default and prepayment. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp.1-22. Roy Morgan. (2017).The Two-Speed economy returns with soaring unemployment and under-employment in Australias four smaller States (QLD, WA, SA Tas). [online] Available at: https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/7079-australian-state-unemployment-under-employment-august-october-2016-201612011545 [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Sharma, K., Oczkowski, E. and Hicks, J., 2016. Skill Shortages in Regional New South Wales: The Case of the Riverina. Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy. Thirlwall, A.P., 2015. The Relevance of Keynes Today with Particular Reference to Unemployment in Rich and Poor Countries. InEssays on Keynesian and Kaldorian Economics(pp. 121-148). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.

Novel Oliver Twist Essay Example

Novel Oliver Twist Paper Dickens graphic language here, effectively and vividly describes the intensity of his hunger, and the slow torture, which had been imposed upon him. The fact that Oliver was given food that was neglected by the dog shows us how low they considered the life of orphans to be. Even animals were given more care and attention than the orphans. And though it was food for the dog, Oliver ate it without any second thought due to the intensity of his hunger . It shows us how all the orphans like Oliver were treated, and the miserable lives they have to go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Oliver Twist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However Oliver was not sold to the man as he pleaded with magistrates not to let him go with such a mean man. Oliver was returned to the workhouse, before at last being sold to Mr. Sowerberry, a local undertaker, who seemed a kind man. Then, Olivers life becomes even more unbearable at Mr. Sowberrys house. The kicks, cuffs and hate at the poor house were more tolerable. This also shows how common in society was cruelty to the poor. This was not merely those connected with the parish, charity or with the system who were inhumane but all ordinary lower or middle class people. Kindness and compassion seem to have vanished from Victorian society. Dickens portrays a picture of one section of society as the stronger and the mightier praying upon the helpless. This seems to be rampant in the Victorian society. People like Bumble, Mrs. Mann and many other officials of the board prosper at the experience of the misery of the inmates of the poor house. Ordinary lower and middle class people appear as predators living upon the hard work of helpless and powerless Oliver Twists In the first half of the novel reference to the wealthy and powerful real upper class is significantly absent. Dickens is indirectly bringing out the compartmentalization in society. The upper class had absolutely no clue at all about the way the other classes lived. They occupied an ethereal world full of elegance and glamour; they had no idea of the private lives of even their own servants . In a way they were completely out of touch with the realities of their society. Dickenss Oliver Twist was an eye opener to them. For the first time in their lives they were made to face the hypocrisy of the squalor and the murkiness of the life of the lower class. This was Dickens greatest contribution to whole society of his times. Olivers meeting with the Artful Dodger is the beginning of a new phase of his life and he is introduced to criminal underworld of London. He entices Oliver with a promise that he would take him to an old gentleman who would give him lodging for no thing and never ask for the change. Olivers encounter with Fagin and his gang of thieves is also symbolic of the destroyal of innocence. Oliver learns about the evil, the brute violence, the coward ness and the complete lack of morality of a significant section of London society. The setting of the under world is used as a contrast to the other higher classes living standards, as Oliver is being led to Fagins den we see through his eyes the horrible life led by the people of the third class society. Oliver says that he has never seen, A dirtier and more wretched place, than this . We see through the eyes of young Oliver the appalling conditions of the den as, The walls and ceilings of the room were perfectly black with age and dirt. And yet the under world is also represented by the hardend and cruel Bill Sikes. Sikes is portrayed as a bully, a robber, and a murderer. Because he is an ally of Fagin, they are described as the two faces of evil. Fagin plans the crimes and Sikes executes it. He is shown as a brutal man through the way he treats everyone even his dog. Its possible that Sikes evil is so frightening because it is so physical. From the beginning, Dickens compares him to a beast. He uses brute violence to bully, intimidate, and injure other people like Nancy, his unwilling accomplice Oliver, and even clever but cowardly Fagin. We see this through his uncaring attitude to sacrificing Oliver Twists life in the dangerous attempt to rob the Maylies house . He even threatens to kill a child when he says to Oliver-If you speak a word when we are out of doors with me, except when I speak to you, that loading will be in your head without notice. Sikess indifferent attitude towards Oliver is also shown as he just leaves him injured when the burglary fails and Oliver is shot and was in a bad condition. Throughout the novel we see that any location that has to do with the middle class or lower class was a filthy and pungent place unlike upper -class societies. The ground was covered, nearly ankle deep with filth and mire Dickens also uses weather to describe the setting when he says: It was a cheerless morning, bowling a raining hard and the clouds looking dull and stormy. These show the corruption and decay in the Victorian society. The Victorians anti-Semitic attitude is brought out in Dickens portrayal of Fagin. This hatred for the Jews went back to several centuries and through the villainous Fagin, Dickens brings out the typical attitude of the Victorians towards all the Jews in general. When we are introduced to Fagin, we see through the eyes of Oliver that he was A very old shrivelled Jew, whose villainous-looking and repulsive face was obscured by a quantity of matted red hair. Fagin is a master criminal whose specialty is fencing (selling stolen property). He employs a gang of thieves-some of them ignorant children and is always in the lookout for new recruits. To readers Fagin seems like a villain straight out of the melodrama skulking through dark London alleys and called old gentle man (a common nick name for Satan at that time). To Victorian readers, the fact that he is a Jew would have indicated that he was greedy, mean, miserly spiteful alienated and unsympathetic. Furthermore he is portrayed as the evil rogue as Oliver compares him to a loathsome reptile. Fagin along with other criminals such as the hardened bill Sikes represent the underground world. Dickens fills the novel with interesting villains . The criminal underworld is crammed with mistrustful characters, from the renowned housebreaker Toby Crackit to the nai ve and stupid Tom Chitling. Crime is a central theme in Oliver Twist. Dickens presents a vivid Picture of a 19th century underworld through his presentations of Fagin and his gang. However we are not meant to merely view crime but also to understand its effect on others . The criminal world inhabited by Fagin is on the surface, lively and in some ways attractive, but underneath, it is dangerous, violent and deadly. Throughout the novel, we see that most of the characters connected to the underground world appear trapped, through either poverty of habit, in this life of crime. The social and human cost of crime is obvious. Nancy, for example, is the helpless product of the slums, the pupil of Fagin and abused mistress of Sikes . She is a prostitute and an accomplice of crooks, however she has the instincts of a good person. She was corrupted by Fagin as a child to steal for him and she fears and hates him. This is evident when she calls him a villain and says: I thieved for you when I was a child not half as old as Oliver . I have been in the same trade and in the same service for twelve years. - It is my living and the cold, wet and dirty streets are my home: and you are the wretch that drove me to them a long time ago. The readers sympathy is also aroused for Nancy, as she had been a victim of the cruelty of the under world that spares no one. Dickens makes the reader aware that Nancy is doomed to a certain way of life and that she accepts her fate with grim determination. She tries to protect Oliver from it any way as her guilty conscious doesnt allow her to let him go through all the pain and suffering that she had undergone as,she felt burdened with the sense of her own deep shame. Nancy represents all the other young girls who have been deprived to their lives and forced into the criminal underworld by people like Fagin and Sikes . We empathise with Nancy when she says to Rose Maylie - Thank heaven that you have friends to care for you in your child hood and that you were never alone in the midst of cold and hunger, riot and drunkenness and -and something worse than all -as I have been from my cradle. I may use the word, for the alley gutter were mine, as they will be my death-bed. Nancy is one of the very few of the underworld headed by Fagin and Sikes who show not only positive but also noble qualities . She knows her life has been a waste and it is point less regretting about it. But she shows nobility of character when she even places her life online to rescue Oliver from a fate similar to hers. We cannot help but feel sorry for Nancy. In fact I think she is the character who shows more courage than anyone else. Nancy represents the thousands in Victorian England who through poverty and want by sheer misfortune of birth descends into a life of crime and evil for which we can hardly hold them responsible. Similarly we see how the underground world has affected the lives of many other people such as the Charley Bates. However it is due to the poor living conditions that these people had to join the ranks of criminals to survive, as it was their only way to live. In Dickenss portrayal of the upper class he displays a kindness and generosity that is fortunately absent in dealing with the middle class. Mr. Brownlow and the Maylies are shown as the kind, considerate, compassionate and noble with faith in humanity and a willingness to help. This was Dickens way of telling us that all is not bad with Victorian society. There are people who deserve to be admired and appreciated. This is why his novel presents a more or less balanced picture of society. Mr. Brownlow is a generous man, concerned for other people. He represents the upper class section of society, but unlike the typical uncaring attitude of upper class Victorian society, Mr. Brownlow is shown as a kind hearted man . Not only does he withdraw his accusations of Oliver, he takes the boy home with him and nurses him out of his fever. Oliver gets a taste of good treatment for the first time only in Mr. Brownlows house as-These were the happy days of Olivers recovery. Every thing was so quite, and neat, and orderly, every body so kind and gentle, that after the noise and turbulence in the midst of which he had always lived, it seemed like heaven it self. Mr. Brownlows house was a contrast to the underground world as even his study was: A little back room quite full of books, with a window looking into some pleasant little gardens. The pleasant and neat place was in contrast to Fagins den. A second contrast to the underground world is the Maylies . The characters who inhibit the world of the Maylies are in direct contrast to the criminal underworld of London. Mrs Maylie is kind and compassionate and does not hesitate in caring for Oliver when he arrives, seriously injured, on her doorstep after the bungled burglary . All the characters connected with the Maylies especially Mr. Losberne, the doctor, and Harry Maylie, are all pleasant and worthy people, showing a sympathetic kindness toward Oliver and actively helping in restoring his birthright to him. Nancy and Oliver Twist represents the inmate in spite of the misery of the workhouse and the moral degradation of the underworld has very strong values and ideals at no stage do you find Oliver Twist doing something that is morally wrong or that which goes against his conscience. His is an example of the triumph of nature over nurture. Nancy a couple of decades ago was possibly like Oliver Twist. Her innate goodness was submerged in the corruption and decay of the under world. Nancy is an example of how nature collapses under the power of nurture. What Dickens is showing through the novel is that the poor are not criminals. They are not bad or evil. They are people with much capacity for goodness but sadly society represented by the Bumbles and Manns never gave them a chance this is why Dickens in his description of the underworld refrains from being so bitterly sarcastic about them. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Oliver Twist section.

The period of a pendulum Essays

The period of a pendulum Essays The period of a pendulum Paper The period of a pendulum Paper In this investigation, I will be looking at which factors affect the period (The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing) of a pendulum (a weight that dangles from a pivot so that it can swing freely). I will do this by tying a metal bob to a length of spring and dropping it from a certain height and measuring the time it takes to complete an oscillation, changing a variable for each of my preliminary investigations. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Length of String (continuous) Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Type of Bob Angle bob dropped from Person stopping stopwatch Person dropping bob Height Bob is dropped from Preliminary Investigations Preliminary One: Length of Strong Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Length of String Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Ranges Averages (mean) 10cm   68 According to my graph, there is a positive correlation between the period of a pendulum and the length of string, meaning that as the length of the string increases, the period increases as well. The gradient of this graph is 0.9879. This would be ideal for my main investigation as there is a noticeable relationship between the length of string and period. Preliminary Two: Angle Metal Bob is dropped from Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Angle from which the bob is dropped from(continuous) Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Type of Bob Same person dropping bob Same person stopping stopwatch Height bob is dropped from Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Angle Bob is dropped from Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Ranges Averages (mean) 90i This graph clearly shows a negative correlation between the period of a pendulum and the angle from which the bob was dropped. This shows that as the angle decreases, the time it takes to complete one full oscillation increases. The gradient of this graph is 0. 8847. Although this can be considered for my main investigation, the gradient of this graph is shallower than the gradient of the first preliminary, meaning that my first preliminary is likely to give me more noticeable results than this preliminary. Preliminary Three: Diameter of Bob Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Diameter of Bob (continuous) Period of the Pendulum (continuous) Type of Bob Length of string Angle bob is dropped from Same person dropping bob Same person stopping stopwatch Height bob is dropped from Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Diameter of Bob Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Ranges Averages (mean) 13mm. 27 This graph also shows a positive correlation between variable and the period of the pendulum, meaning that as the diameter is increased, the time it takes the pendulum to complete one oscillation also increases. The gradient of the line of best fit on this graph is 1. This preliminary has yielded results that has a steeper gradient than my first preliminary, which means this is also ideal for my main investigation. Preliminary Four: Type of Bob Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Type of Bob (discontinuous). Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Length of string Angle bob is dropped from Same person dropping bob Same person stopping the stopwatch Height Bob is dropped from Results Table Time of Period (seconds) Type of Bob Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Ranges Averages (mean) Iron 21 According to this graph, there is a positive correlation between the type of bob used and period. The gradient of this graph is 0. 9143. This gradient falls behind the Length of String and Diameter of Bob gradients, so its unlikely that I will use this for my main investigation, also, in terms of practicality, there wasnt a large variety of materials to choose from. Main Investigation: Length of String I decided to choose Length of String for my investigation, because, my results for that preliminary had the one of most noticeable relationships between the independent and the dependent variable as well as the fact that there were no outliers. I didnt choose Type of Bob, because Type of Bob is an example of a discrete independent variable, in that it doesnt have a numerical value that can be plotted on a graph. As well as this, even though there does appear to be a relationship between Type of Bob and the period, there was another independent variable which was changed, which was the mass of each bob. Although Diameter of Bob was also ideal to be tested in my main investigation, it lost out to Length of String simply because there was not a wide enough range of metal bobs that were made of the same material but had different diameter. So, although I predict it wouldve yielded noticeable results, Length of String is more practical to do, as well as the fact that the length of the string is easy to manipulate. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Variables Length of String (continuous) Period of the pendulum (continuous) Diameter of Bob Type of Bob Angle bob dropped from Person stopping stopwatch Person dropping bob Height Bob is dropped from Equipment Why Measure of Accuracy Nine different lengths of string To tie metal bob to and investigate Nearest centimetre Centimetres: Millimetres Clamp Stand To hold the pivot and the pendulum N/A. Metre stick To accurately measure out the correct lengths for the pieces of string Nearest millimetre Centimetres: Millimetres Scissors To cut the string as precisely as possible N/A Protractor To measure the angle from which the bob is to be dropped from Nearest degreei 19mm Iron bob The pendulum to swing from the pivot N/A Digital Stopwatch To accurately measure the amount of time the plant tissue soaks in the solutions for Hours:Minutes:Seconds:Milliseconds Method 1. Collect all required equipment. 2. Measure out each length of string to be used in the investigation, leaving an 8cm excess to allow for knot tying. 3. Tie bob to length of string to be tested securely 4. Set up clamp stand on the edge of the table to allow room for the pendulum 5. The person in charge of dropping the bob holds it up taut so that the bob is parallel to the clamp stand, or the length of string is perpendicular to the clamp stand and checks that the angle is 90i with the protractor. 6. Person in charge of the stopwatch signals when to drop the bob and measures the period with the stopwatch 7. Third person records results in a table 8. Retrial each length five times so as to that the results are as accurate as possible. Time of Period (seconds) Length of String Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Ranges Averages (mean) PE 10cm 01. 90 Results Pendulum Equation (PE): Time of Period=2? Interpretation: On the graph, there is positive correlation, according to my line of best fit. It appears as though the longer the string, the more time it takes for the bob to complete its oscillation. This can be explained because when the bob swings, it swings from a high position to its lowest position (the midpoint of the swing, also where the bob will come to rest when it reaches dynamic equilibrium). The change in height is caused by Earths gravitational acceleration or the change in velocity over time caused by gravity acting on the bob. If the length of the string is longer, the distance to swing from the highest point to lowest will be greater (as the distance travelled is the length of an arc, we can calculate the length of the arc using the equation 2? r x ? /360, where ? is the angle from which the bob was dropped from), therefore it would take a longer amount of time to fall to lowest point of the swing. Of course, gravity isnt the only factor that affects the period, other forces such as air resistance and friction help to eventually slow down the bob, and the mass of the string, although slight, affects the force needed to swing the pendulum back and forth. Evaluation The main investigation went well, however there are many areas which could be improved in order to get more accurate results. For example, the method wasnt very reliable because quite a few aspects of the investigation had to be carried out by humans, as well as the fact that the results which were recorded down were up to the judgement of the person who controlled the stopwatch when the bob completed its oscillation. This means that some of the results could be off by a few milliseconds or even seconds. Despite this, my group did try to keep the results as reliable as possible by making sure the same person was used to control the stopwatch and drop the bob, so that the factor of different peoples reaction times were limited. I could improve my experiment by:   Using a computer and a laser to release and measure the bob, for instance, if at its starting the point, the bob was intercepting a laser/beam of light, so that when it was dropped, the computer could measure the time it takes for the bob to re-intercept the beam again, i. e. complete its oscillation completely. Using a lighter sturdier form for the pendulum shaft instead of string, as the string had a tendency to bend throughout the oscillation, which couldve affected the results   Have a release that was positioned parallel to the clamp stand so that the angle from which the bob was dropped from each time was the same * Having a way to hook the pendulum length/string to the clamp and the bob without having to tie knots so the length of the string that would swing was more accurate Other than that, I believe my equipment was as accurate as I needed them to be, so I wouldnt change any of the equipment I was using to carry out the experiment. I think that my results are reliable because the range bars are all relatively small on my graph, however in comparison to the Pendulum Equation; the results are too big and are in turn not scientifically accurate. Ive calculated the average difference between my Averages and the Pendulum Equation line and have found it to be up to 0. 4 of a second in difference. In conclusion, I believe that the length of string does affect the period of a pendulum, despite the inaccuracy of my results as my investigation proved that this factor still theoretically affects it.

Success and Failure of Intelligence essay

Success and Failure of Intelligence essay Success and Failure of Intelligence essay Success and Failure of Intelligence essayHistorically, intelligence played an important part in military operations and wars. However, intelligence operations may have not only positive but also negative effects on military operations as well as the balance of power between opposing parties. At this point, it is possible to refer to the experience of the US and allies’ intelligence during World War II, when the intelligence suffered both successes and failures. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the case of the failure of the US intelligence to foresee the attack of the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and the success of the allies’ intelligence in uncovering the way to crack Enigma, German encryption system used in the communication of Germans. These two cases reveal the full extent to which the intelligence operations may be influential and affect outcomes of large scale military conflicts. On the other hand, the revelation of the failure of the US intelligence in Pe arl Harbor shows the importance of the intelligence as the agency that can foresee and prevent large scale military operations and failures of the national defense system. Therefore, successes and failures of the intelligence show that the intelligence plays an important part in military operations, wars as well as socio-political development of nations and the effective performance of intelligence can help nations to take a stronger position in the competitive struggle between nations and international relations.The failure of the US intelligence in Pearl Harbor is a well-known fact as well as the cracking of Enigma is a renowned success of the allies’ intelligence. However, from the scientific point of view, the failure or success of the intelligence should be grounded on the revelation of facts and evidence that prove that the particular intelligence operation. In this regard, to determine whether the particular intelligence operation was a success or failure, it is possib le to elaborate criteria which mark the success of the intelligence operation. Criteria of the successful intelligence operation include several key elements (Cook, 2006). First, the intelligence operation is successful, if it has caused harms to the enemy. In fact, the ultimate goal of the intelligence operation is obtaining the target information or completion of the target action successfully that will directly or indirectly harm the enemy. For instance, even if the intelligence operation does not lead to the destruction of the enemy infrastructure, but helps to reveal certain information about the enemy’s infrastructure, then the intelligence will weaken the position of the enemy because the party conducting the military operation will know weak points in the defense line of the enemy.Second, the intelligence operation is successful, if it was conducted safely for agents and other stakeholders involved in the operation. The safety of agents is very important because, firs t, the intelligence agency has to invest funds into training of its agents that means that the loss of agents is costly. Second, the loss of agents weakens the position of the intelligence that naturally cannot be the marker of success of the military operation. Therefore, the safety of agents is definitely the evidence of the success of the intelligence operation.Third, the intelligence operation is successful, if it allows saving life of soldiers and civilians of the party that conducts the intelligence operation or those of its allies. One of the primary goals of any intelligence operation is the safety of soldiers and civilians. The protection of soldiers and civilians and enhancement of their security proves that the intelligence operation is successful.Fourth, the intelligence operation is successful, if it contributes to saving facilities, infrastructure, military equipment and other items essential for the successful military operations of the party conducting the intelligen ce operation. The protection of facilities and infrastructure is another priority of intelligence operations, especially, if they are conducted during the wartime. If intelligence operations secure the infrastructure and facilities of the party that conducts the intelligence operation then such intelligence operation is definitely successful.Fifth, the intelligence operation is successful, if its outcomes have a generally positive effect on the particular military conflict and balance of powers of parties involved in the war. Intelligence operations conducted during the wartime should have the long-lasting positive effects and bring positive impact on the position of the military of the party conducting the intelligence. In fact, truly successful intelligence operations may have the determinant effect on the development of military conflicts and large scale wars.Sixth, the successful intelligence operation remains unnoticed for the enemy until harmful effects of the operation become obvious or even after the end of the military conflict. The intelligence traditionally operates secretly. Therefore, if operations of the intelligence agency are uncovered, then they failed, while, on the contrary, if the enemy and public fails to notice the intelligence operation, then such operation is successful.The major success of the intelligence during World War II was cracking Enigma, German cryptographic system, which they used for radio and data transmission during the war. The operation was conducted by international intelligence forces, including Polish, French, American and British professionals. They coordinated their actions and the intelligence agencies of the allies collaborated to crack Enigma. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Enigma machine based its cipher capabilities on a series of wired rotor wheels and a plugboard. Through a web of internal wiring, each of the 26 input contacts on the rotor were connected to a different output contact. The wiring connections of one rotor differed from the connections on any other rotor (Cornwell, 2008). Additionally, each rotor had a moveable placement notch found on an outer ring. The notch forced the rotor to its left to step one place forward. This notch could be moved to a different point on the rotor by rotating the outer ring. The Germans followed a daily list, known as a key list, to indicate where the notch should be placed each day (Cornwell, 2008). Theoretically, Enigma was considered to be extremely difficult to crack. Researchers (Cornwell, 2008) estimate that the Germans believed the encryption generated by the machine to be unbreakable. With a theoretical number of ciphering possibilities of 3 X 10114, their belief was not unjustified.Cracking Enigma was the results of the Polish breakthrough combined with a German traitor provided by the French that resulted in the major success against Enigma, since the British and Americans became able to expand their findings in to breaking Enigma as well as even more resilient German Navy encryption. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the Navy played the key part in the national security of the UK because the breakthrough of the Navy defense line would lead to the opening the way for landing the German army in the UK.The operation was conducted safely and did not cause casualties among the allies involved in the operation. In fact, all participants of the operations and agents remained safe and were not vulnerable to any prosecution or attacks from the part of Germans. They had managed to complete the intelligence operation successfully without being uncovered by the enemy. This is why the operation conducted by the allies’ intelligence to crack Enigma was successful. At the same time, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma involved the large scale cooperation of agents and intelligence agencies internationally. The intellig ence operation involved professionals from Poland, France, the UK and the US and even a German traitor. Therefore, the operation involved a large number of people that apparently increased the risk of its failure because the more there are people involved in the intelligence operation the higher is the risk of the failure of the operation. In case of the intelligence operation on cracking Enigma all professionals working on the operation had managed to survive and remained undiscovered by the enemy. This is why this operation was apparently successful.\Success and Failure of Intelligence   essay 2

Marketing (brand management question) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing (brand management question) - Essay Example A classic example will be DHL. This company won the Platinum Award (Airfreight / Courier Service category) in the Superbrand 2005. Its brand statement is to enhance the customers' businesses by offering express delivery and logistics solutions based on strong local expertise combined with a vast global network. They keep to their words and thus winning glory in the industry. Different from the business markets, consumer markets will need more product features and advertising for their product. The audience for consumer markets branding involve the general public, in which the variance of needs and desires are greater than a business markets. Dell Computer is the example of this category of branding. It manages to position itself as a customize personal computer provider. This is collaborated by its successful supply chain management which makes it its brand identity. A "branded house" means a company which itself is a brand. The products come under this company will be the subset of the main brand. In branding, it gains level of acceptance and importance in short time due to the previous identification with the parent brand. Take for example, Hewlett Packard. This brand name covers products from laptops, desktops, Palmtops to even printers. All the products carry the same brand HP though they have names and are under different product category. It enters the market of palm tops easily despite the effort by Palm Plc. In contrary to that, a "house of brand" would be a company that markets a range of brands. A classic will be the Procter and Gamble (P&G). It comprises a lot of brands from different product categories such as Duracell the battery, Pantene the shampoo, Olay the beauty products, Mr. Clean the household cleaner, Braun the oral care products and many more. 3. Discuss the risks and benefit of brand extension. Research detailed examples of each. The benefit for a company to use a successful for brand extension could help it to enter a new product category. Examples are like the Fairy brand (Unilever) which extended from washing up liquid to washing powder and Lucozade which extends from a children's health drink to sports drink. This brought advantages to the company as it does not post doubt on the customers which presume the product as a newly launched products. It sustains the trust on a single brand to an extended product under the same brand. However, a failure in doing so could cause damage. Firstly, it is the dilution effect of the brand by products. The example is like when people talk about Fairy, it is not just only a washing liquid anymore. Secondly, it posts difficulties to connect with the parent brand names. Imagine if Colgate is marketing a candy product. It will be a disaster to the brand as the messages from the brand is inconsistent. 4. Discuss factors involved in successful brand differentiation. The key factors that could drive a successful brand differentiation are Desire for sustainable brand differentiation The company and its employees would need to have the same vision on brand differentiation as both are involve in making the strategy a success. Without management support or

Week 5 posts 8000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 posts 8000 - Essay Example Nursing is a very comprehensive field and considering they are paramedics, your master’s knowledge surpasses their levels of certification. On your second issue, you have elaborated on the high cost of nursing programs. You have compared several programs with those of similar if not lesser quality and the duration and cost that you might find unnecessary. My recommendation would be, keep your confidence on attainment of higher standards as it increases on your information on nursing. Thanks for your informative post on this week’s discussion topic. I agree that ethics assist in knowing what is wrong and what is right. In healthcare, since you are dealing with patients and their well-being integrity is an essential matter. According to Hamric, Spross, and Hanson, (2009) a nurse should learn to keep secrets, suffer and struggle. This is all to the goodwill of the patient. You have also added that ethical conflicts in the healthcare sector can arise from professional interactions, research, gender, pain, or even life issues. This is evident as the nurse’s advance in their careers. A solution to this problem you have added would be a nurse attaining a DNP. This equips them with skills to handle medical dilemma. However, you have said that they are also in a dilemma with pain management and end life crisis. You have given an example of a dialysis patient with a stroke and how the hospital went about it. The inclusion of the various professionals to explain to the family on steps to take, elaborate on ethics in the hospital. Also in the diabetic patient, it is well

Argumentative Essay Essay Example for Free

Argumentative Essay Essay In America there are so many people who live without healthcare. President Obama has tried hard to change that known fact by introducing and passing his new Obama Care Act. It is very important for people to have proper healthcare coverage, medical care, affordable medications, and for all healthcare services to be available to everyone, whether they are poor, middle class or rich. For most Americans, high quality care generally is readily accessible without long waits but at high cost. However, the uninsured and, increasingly, the underinsured, the poor, and members of underserved minorities often have poor access to health care and poor health outcomes. The health workforce is well trained, yet the United States faces a severe shortage of primary care physicians. Approximately 45% of the U.S. population has a chronic medical condition, and about 60 million people, half of these, have multiple chronic conditions; the CDC estimated these numbers during a recent survey. 2 Most Americans 250 million (84.2%) have some form of health insurance coverage. But an estimated 47 million Americans (15.8%) were uninsured for a year, as reported for 2006 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. A survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 43.6 million people (14.8%) of all ages were uninsured at the time of the National Health Expenditure Survey interview in 2006. However, as many as 89.5 million people under the age of 65 years lacked health insurance for a least 1 month or more during 2006-2007, according to a study by Lewin and associates published by Families USA. In addition, another 16 million people can be  considered underinsured. People without health insurance are much less likely than those with insurance to receive recommended preventive services and medications, are less likely to have access to regular care by a personal physician, and are less able to obtain needed health care services. Consequently, the uninsured are more likely to succumb to preventable illnesses, more likely to suffer complications from those illnesses, and more likely to die prematurely. The U.S. health care system has much potential for improvement. Disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status has pervaded the U.S. health care system. In addition to the large numbers of Americans who lack adequate health insurance, the cost, quality, and utilization of health care services vary widely. Meanwhile, the need for long term care services and care coordination is increasing. Preventive care, cross discipline coordination, and proactive management of long term care might reduce the cost of care, but these services often are uncovered or poorly reimbursed. 3 Spending on health care in the United States has been rising at a faster pace than spending in the rest of the economy since the 1960’s. According to the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services- National Health Statistics Group states that in 2005, national health care spending amounted to approximately $2.0 trillion, or $6697 per person and 16% of the gross domestic product. By 2015, health care spending is expected to reach $4.0 trillion. People with large medical care cost are often chronically ill, disabled, or poor. Our society’s inability to provide continuous, coherent patient centered care for this group of individuals is one cause of the high aggregate cost of health care and contributes to the cost of public insurance programs. Patients who enter Medicare without previous insurance but with chronic illness will be sicker and more disabled and therefore more costly to that government program. Health insurance premiums increased drastically since the year 2005. Many have been unable to even afford health coverage. Employer based health insurance has been the basis for paying for health services since 1940, but  it is fast eroding under the pressure of relentlessly rising costs of care. Despite the growing need for coordination of health care services, government and private insures pay for health care services primarily on a episodic, visit related basis with few, if any, incentives for providing comprehensive, coordinated, and continuous care for the prevention and management of chronic illness. Primary care physicians now spend about 20% of their time in unreimbursed coordination of care tasks using the telephone or e-mail. Despite repeated attempts to rein in federal expenditures for Medicare and Medicaid, federal have continued to increase much faster than inflation in the entire economy. 4 The Medicaid program provides medical benefits to over 52 million people who meet categorical eligibility standards. The federal government and the state share responsibility for funding Medicaid. The success of the VA system in dramatically restructuring itself indicates that major gains can be achieved in the United States in improving health care access and quality while reducing costs. One response to rising health care costs has been the adoption of consumer directed health plans in which the individual takes greater responsibility for paying for care out of pocket rather than the employer or government. Unfortunately, for those with modest incomes, cost sharing has reduced medically necessary care, such as taking medicines for hypertension. The United States is in such a crisis when it comes to the health care system, yet is very important to see that every one of its citizens is afforded health coverage. People are sickly in this nation, like it is in other countries. The United States is in the midst of a primary health care workforce crisis that is expected to worsen in the next decade. The population is aging, and baby boomers are at a high, and a large amount of people will soon be over 65 years and at greater risk for needing care for chronic conditions. The United States should continue to work on having national policies introduced to the health care system to help guide training, supply, and the distribution of health care providers to better assist those in need of health coverage. It is very important to make this a reality, because we the  people of the United States need to be able to receive medical care, and health coverage, no matter if we are rich or poor in this society.

Comparing Frank Baum’s Dorothy Gale of the Oz series and Lewis Carroll’

Comparing Frank Baum’s Dorothy Gale of the Oz series and Lewis Carroll’s Alice of Alice in Wonderland Lewis Carroll’s Alice and Frank Baum’s Dorothy are two of the most well-known and well-loved heroines of all time. At first glance, both Alice and Dorothy appear to be rather accurate renditions of actual little girls who embark on their own adventures in strange and fantastical lands. However, closer scrutiny reveals that only one of these characters is a true portrayal of what a little girl is really like, while the other is but a fulfillment of what most girls would only dream of being like. Like many young girls across the world, both today and in centuries past, it seems that Alice was taught the etiquette that all proper young ladies should follow. Throughout the novel, we see Alice in conflict with certain societal rules – there are several occasions when she is frustrated with what others say and do to her. But only those privy to her innermost thoughts (i.e., the readers) are capable of seeing her true feelings on any matter, for she remains, with the exception of an episode at the end of the text, extremely courteous to all those she meets. One of the passages that clearly describes this general acquiescence is when Alice sees the Duchess after meeting the King and Queen on the croquet-ground: â€Å"Tut, tut, child!† said the Duchess. â€Å"Every thing’s got a moral, if only you can find it.† And she squeezed herself up closer to Alice’s side as she spoke. Alice did not much like her keeping so close to her: first, because the Duchess was very ugly; and secondly, because she was exactly the right height to rest her chin on Alice’s shoulder, and it was an uncomfortably sharp chin. However, she did not like to b... ...relate to a child’s need for escape from the educational system, even if only through a book.) While both Alice and Dorothy are meant to be portraits of typical young girls, I believe that they represent two different facets of a young girl’s nature. Carroll’s Alice undoubtedly portrays the true image of what real young girls are like, possessing some qualities that may not be considered extremely attractive but are nevertheless present in the lives of young women. On the other hand, Baum’s Dorothy is more fantastic, a heroine who encompasses all the qualities that any young girl would like to have but cannot always attain. Together, then, the two characters make up everything that a young girl is — the influences and restrictions that society places on her, the unspoken thoughts that she has when speaking to others, the dreams that she wishes to aspire to.

Compensation – Incentive vs Bonus

A bonus plan is one where the bonus is awarded after the fact and typically has very little or no incentive value. The employees typically come to see it as an entitlement. An incentive plan is a variable pay plan that is tied to some level of performance. The employee is rewarded with a payment that is predefined and non discretionary. The reward is paid when actual performance meets or exceeds predefined goals. incentive| Any form of variable payment tied to performance. The payment may be a monetary award, such as cash or equity, or a nonmonetary award, such as merchandise or travel.Incentives are contrasted with bonuses in that performance goals for incentives are predetermined. Generally nondiscretionary and can be paid at any time of the year| bonus| An after-the-fact reward or payment (may be either discretionary or nondiscretionary) based on the performance of an individual, a group of workers operating as a unit, a division or business unit, or an entire workforce. Payments may be made in cash, shares, share options or other items of value. In the context of sales compensation, a defined, pre-established amount of money to be earned for achieving a specified performance goal.Planned bonus amounts commonly are expressed as a percent of the incumbent's base salary, salary range midpoint, percentage of target cash compensation or incentive compensation, or a defined dollar amount. See also discretionary and nondiscretionary bonus| Bonus versus Incentive – What is the Difference? Here is how our Glossary defines them:Incentive:  Ã‚  Additional pay (above and beyond the base salary or wage) awarded to an employee, such as stock options or a contingent bonus plan, that is ‘forward looking'. Bonus:  Ã‚  Plans that award cash or other items of value, such as stock (or stock options), based on accomplishments achieved.While incentive plans are ‘forward' looking' bonus plans are ‘backward looking'. An incentive that is dangled to ent ice certain behaviors may include cash or prizes or perquisites or anything that activates the motivations of the performers. A bonus is â€Å"something extra† which is usually cash and is always non-guaranteed. The two terms can obviously overlap:   job security in unsettled times can be an incentive for some people to work harder, while a contingent bonus premised on specific outcome results can also be an incentive to achieve those objectives.Cash dropped from the sky as a surprise is generally not considered â€Å"incentive† pay although such bonus gifts have disproportionately strong motivational effects, because the reward was not pre-announced and thus could not entice behavior changes. | Even though Frank and Jim have provided excellent definitions that  draw a distinction between the two terms, I'm sure that they will agree that there is a lot of inconsistency in the use of those terms across business, and even across the compensation profession. Always lo ok for the context that the terms are used in whatever you read or hear. Yep. Like you said, Paul. Term usages vary tremendously between enterprises, industries  and sometimes between applications. As an extreme example, when I'm in meetings and someone says â€Å"comp†, I frequently have to confirm understanding and must ask if they are referring to * compensation (WorldAtWork) * comprehensive (municipal) * complimentary (gambing) * computation (math)Back in The Day, I spent a lot of time translating terms like these and  performance  reviewand such things between disparte audiences who both meant and understood different things from the terms. In the context of sales compensation, WorldatWork defines a â€Å"bonus† primarily in contrast to a â€Å"commission. † In both cases in sales compensation, the reward is generally known in advance and offered for achieving a goal which also generally known in advance. The difference is that the â€Å"commissionâ €  is communicated as a â€Å"piece of the action† (e. g. , 2% of revenue, $5 per unit, 6% of margin dollars); whereas a â€Å"bonus† is a fixed incentive amount offered for achieving a specific objective, often with less offered for lower achievement levels and more for higher levels.Most of the time, the amount of the commission at goal (or â€Å"quota†) is high if the quota is higher – so if one sales person has a $1M quota and another has a $1. 5M quota, then one has a target commission that is 150% that of the other. Whereas in a â€Å"bonus† world, the target incentive is fixed for the role (e. g. , $40k per year) and is paid for hitting quota, which may vary from one person to the next.Of course there are myriad nuances and variations, including the possibility of â€Å"personal commission rates† which communicate a [email  protected] â€Å"bonus† as if it were a [email  protected] â€Å"commission,† etc. But that gets at the gist of it. All that said, I do have a current client with a business that is very weather-dependent (agrichemicals), to the extent that performance of the sales people can only be assessed retrospectively – did they create value for the company, sell well, cement relationships with customers, and achieve solid results given the opportunities that came their way during the year?Because the business itself is so volatile, the sales person's compensation must be less incentive-rich at target than most in similar roles, and performance can only be evaluated fairly in retrospect. However, this is only noteworthy because it is so highly unusual. Wherever possible (and it usually is possible), sales people have clear financial goals with formulaic compensation opportunities tied to how well they do against those goals. | |

Individual Risk Management Essay

The objective of risk management is to develop response actions to minimize the impact of possible negative events during every phase of a project. The process also works to increase the impact of the positive events and mitigate the problems associated with making changes (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risks in many projects are multifaceted in nature because the positive impact created at one stage of a project, could have dire consequences at another. For example, occasionally in construction projects, floor slabs will have design defects that will not properly drain and eliminate the migration of water breaching the inside of the structure. A minor re-design of the slab configuration will eliminate the drainage problem but cause a significant structural issue with roof trussing and its ability to hold the house together during a minimal shift. The changes made to correct the slab issue are great, but the problems it will create down the line are greater unless the initial solution is analyzed all the way through the project. Identifying the risk and plausible solutions is done through a series of procedures, techniques, and analysis to meet the objectives of risk management. Another dimension of the risk management kaleidoscope understands the definition of risk from various viewpoints and positions with stake in the project. The risk management operation requires a planning process describing how to conduct the risk management based on the activities and tasks necessary to complete the work. There is an intangible element with assessing the risk of defining the tolerances and attitudes of the organizational leaders and stakeholders. A project manager with experience will have a more complete understanding of this component performing an internal analysis of risk appetite and risk tolerance levels surrounding the organization and the primary stakeholders. The amount of risk for a project is measured, analyzed, and quantified with  numerous equations, graphs, and statistical parameters to confirm and justify the data, but understanding what is in the head of corporate leaders and stakeholders and the level of risk they are comfortable with; is not on a spreadsheet. The understanding of this type of risk management comes from experience and high-level communication skills put into an action plan before the project is started. The risk management process is dependent on several documents for information to achieve its objectives, respond accordingly with monitor and control procedures specific to the project (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risk team will rely in the risk management plan to identify and classify their roles and responsibilities in the key areas. The team also collects information from cost management plan that assists in controlling levels of precision, accuracy, and units of measure. The cost management for risk managers involves more controlling of operational expenditures than total cost of the project (Cooper, Raymond, & Walker, 2005). The information provided by the schedule management plan is also a vital document especially in conjunction with the cost management plan to control progression throughout the project life cycle. The scope baseline document is a mandatory piece of information the risk team will look closely at for possible assumptions and uncertainty that might exist. Information for the project that the teams will use throughout the project as reference and updating tools are the stakeholder register, procurement documents, and enterprise environmental factors just to name a few (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). The risk management team completes the identification process with the creation of the risk register and a defined risk management plan (RMP) explaining the risk activities, risk challenges, risk treatment, and structured response in detail. This RMP defines the tools, resources, roles, and responsibilities for managers and line workers alike to minimize project defects and enhance project production. The RMP delivers four main objectives significant to the project, by categorizing the risk into different levels for each phase and department. The risk categorization provides the probability and impact of the risk to gain a better understanding of the impact on the project in terms that are explicit to each, department, or stakeholder at every stage. The risk management matrix has four primary project objectives defining a plan to address cost, time, scope, and quality. The risk management during  the initial planning stages is performed the same way with adjusted tolerances because of limited information. (Project Management Institute,  © 2013). Provided below is a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) as defined in the; A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide). The RBS is performed on the information in the course syllabus â€Å". Your organization has decided that to be successful in the global economy it must expand its supply base into China† (The Apollo Group Inc., 2010). Project Risks: Internal risks of compatibility with stakeholders and foreign lending institutions. The technical capabilitites and servicing capacity for optimum production levels. External Risks: Implmenting organizational objectives in bureaucratic ccontext of host country and meet essential program operations. Risk associated with enviromental enterprise and conceptual framework. Shortage of resources, poor infrastructure, foreign currency, cultural and socioeconomic enviroment. Incomplete understanding of project objectives, design, and sustainability to promote future growth. References Cooper, D. F., Raymond, G. S., & Walker, P. (2005). Project Risk Guidelines: Managing risk in large projects and complex procurements. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.. Kerzner, H. (2009). Project Management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Project Management Institute. ( © 2013). A Guide to the Project Management body of knowledge. (PMBOK ® Guide), Fifth Edition. Retrieved 02 17, 2014, from http://common.books24x7.com/toc.aspx?bookid=51356. Sollish, F., & Semanik, J. (2007). The procurement and supply manager’s desk reference. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. The Apollo Group Inc ®. (2010). Syllabus CPMGT/302 Procurement and Risk Management. School of Business. Pheonix, AZ: University of Phoenix.

Literary elements in A Rose for Emily By William Faulkner

Literary elements in A Rose for Emily By William Faulkner In William Faulkner's short story "A rose for Emily", a series of literary elements were used to effectively create the themes. In "A rose for Emily", the main theme happens to be the search for love and security. Mr. Faulkner's uses of literary elements were brilliant and played a vital role in the stories general setup, bringing light to the issue that arise when a young woman struggle to find love in an alien environment.Symbolism is the main factor in understanding of the theme of the story. Mr. Faulkner provides many symbols throughout the story. Foremost is the title "A rose for Emily". The rose from the title symbolizes the absent love she feels. When a bachelor is in love, he give a rose to the person they love. The title symbolizes the roses and flowers that Emily never received, and the love that escaped her.English: Emily RoseAnother dominant symbol in the story is the house. In the beginning, the house was said to be big, white and beautifully made. Just like Miss Emily W hen she was young, however as time goes on, the house grow harsh and dirty, just like the personality of Miss Emily. Emily's life is much like the house, suffers from love and eventually comes crashing down.Another theme that the author expressed in his work is the theme of isolation. It is presented by the author usage of descriptive words and imagery. Many vivid words were used as the author establishes the main characters in the story. Giving them life and color. Also, one of the most effective elements that the author used in his development of the theme is the uses of imagery. He portrays Homer Barron and Emily's father as sort of villains who are preventing...

Great Essays

Great Essays Great Essays Great Essays Great essays are not easy to write, but if you are interested in the topic and if you feel inspired, you have no barriers to creating great essays.   Read the following sample of great essay.   It is well-written and will definitely gain your attention. If you have an academic assignment to write the great essay, feel free to request our custom essay writing service at any time. Our writers are working 24/7 without weekends to lend you a hand of help with any essay writing. Great Essays Sample The most important of parental allies was the nurse. It was the almost unanimous opinion of churchmen, doctors, and moralists from Erasmus on that mothers ought to breastfeed their own infants. Some theologians even tried to suggest that a failure to do so should be regarded as a mortal sin. At the same time, these writers would reluctantly add some words of advice on how to choose a nurse, a last-minute concession indicating that the practice was far too strongly entrenched in the mores of the period to be dislodged by the exhortations of a few intellectuals. In this respect, Rousseau, who has always been regarded as the revolutionary champion of maternal breastfeeding, was no less sensitive to custom than his predecessors, and his passionate appeal to mothers was followed by some sober recommendations for selecting a nurse, and even a touch of lyricism on the joys of nursing in the fresh air of the countryside. In this section, I describe the deeply rooted practice of employing nur ses, and explore some of the possible reasons for their participation in family life. The first point to note about the nurse is her poverty. "All the women who hire themselves out as nurses are peasants or women of mean estate." By contrast, the family which employed her necessarily belonged to a relatively affluent class. FranÃÆ' §ois Mauriceau noted that poor people did not even have the means to hire a nurse for the first week of the baby's life, during which time he believed the mother's own milk was not good for the infant. These women would have to breastfeed their children themselves right from the beginning. There was no possibility of help even for a brief period. He went on to single out among the people who engaged nurses "all the women of quality and a majority of the bourgeoisie." The relationship of the nurse to her employers varied with circumstances. The woman might be a long-term domestic of the parents, perhaps the nurse of earlier children from the same family. In many cases, however, she was a stranger. In Paris, placement bureaus arranged connections between nurses and families interested in doing business. Many writers deplored the frequent failure of mothers to investigate the character of the women they were choosing to feed their offspring. In spite of the doctors' urgings, this choice was often not made in advance of the birth. Where details are given, the parents, even those who seem especially thoughtful and attentive to the welfare of their children, contracted with the nurse after the baby had been delivered. Sometimes the father of the infant gave the money directly to the nurse's husband. Great Essays Writing Service What is the first step of great essays writing?   Writing an essay, you should pay attention to the format and flow of ideas.   If you cannot afford spending hours of your time in libraries, order professional customized writing assistance at our site.   Our writers are able to impress you with custom written essays!   Our prices are impressively low while the quality of written essays is unquestionably high. is a trusted and reliable online service.