The Rational Model Of Organizational Decision Making Essay

CHAPTER TWO PROJECT EXECUTION AND EXPERIENCE 2.1 Schedule of Activities of Students for the Project Work 2.2 Explanation of Theories Used Organizational decision making is defined as the process of responding to a problem by searching for and selecting a solution or course of action that will create value for organizational stakeholders. Decision making is a critical responsibility in leadership and the ability to make the right decisions is imperative to the success of every organization. Over the years, various models and theories have been developed to explain how organizations make decisions. This paper shall consider a few of the models and explain how these models and theories apply in the context of the topic of this research. I. The Rational Model of Organizational Decision Making This model is based on the logic of optimal choice: the choice that would maximize value for the organization. The manager is assumed to be an objective, totally informed person who would select the most efficient alternative, maximizing whatever amount and type of output s/he values. We can summarize the rational choice process as follows: 1. An individual is confronted with a number of known alternative courses of action. 2. Each alternative bears a set of possible consequences. These consequences are known and are quantifiable. 3. The individual has a system of preferences or utilities that permits him or her to rank the consequences and choose an alternative. There isShow MoreRelatedDecision Making Of A Bse Veterinary Service846 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Making Companies all over the world are faced with decision daily. Some decisions are small in nature with minimal effects on the company or its employees. While other decisions have a tremendous effect on the entire company. 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Additionally, the visible structures, systems, slogans, behaviors, and physical settings are the observable cultural symbols that communicate what an organization values. An insider would have greater awareness and discernment of the internal cultural elements and subcultures within an organization. Furthermore, an insider would know how organizational activities

The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior

The Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior: Potential Sex Differences study that was conducted by Bruce D. Bartholow, of University of Missouri – Columbia, and Craig A. Anderson, of Iowa State University, examined how playing a violent video game affected levels of aggression displayed in a laboratory setting. Recently, violent behavior in children and teenagers has gained more and more attention as video games have become more popular. The study mentions that, in contrast to Eastern cultures, Western culture believes that people are responsible for their own individual behaviors. In modern times, after school shootings, reports indicate or lead toward that the shooters were viewed as loners or outsiders within the student body. With evidence has piled up in regard to children being exposed to violent media through television or video games, political figures and policy makes have started to examine the influences that this media plays in promoting aggressive behavior. Researchers for this study tried to understand if video games effect males and females in similar ways and how that related to the theory of violence creating violence. As stated previously, the theory being tested is that if violent media content increases the likelihood for aggressive behavior, and if that varies depending on the gender of the person in question. Researchers for this study hypothesized that participants who played the violent video game would later display more aggressionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior Essay2109 Words   |  9 Pagespopular being video games. Since their introduction, professionals and parents have become concerned with the addictive power that video games can have on people, particularly children and adolescents. Today, concern has shifted from the addictive effects of video game playing to the possible effects that they have on players’ aggression levels. As defining aggression as any thoughts or behaviors related with the intention to cause harm. Many scholars have been researching videogames effects on childrenRead MoreVideo Game Violence : The Cause Of Violent Video Games1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmentioned that the cause of violent video games became an issue for public debate after teenagers and the main cause of this is the parallel effect. Based on th e Studies done for violent video games correspond with individuals having violent acts. Also, young adolescents reveal that those who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive and see the world as more hostile. The article also revealed that this acts would be a coincidence or a cause from playing violent videos. Additionally, researchersRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreViolent Video Games : Positive And Negative Effects On Children And Adolescents774 Words   |  4 Pagesgaming systems, violent video games have become well-liked by children and adolescents. The playing of violent video games has always been a controversial topic, but in recent years it has become a heated debate. Whether the playing of these games desensitize the player or not. Video games have been around since the late 1970s, however violent video games were introduced in the 1990s. In recent years the violence in games have increased along with the enhanced graphics making the games more realisticRead MoreViolent Video Games And Its Influence On Behavior1187 Words   |  5 Pages The Timing of Violent Video Games and Its Influence on Aggressive Behaviors What images pop up in your head when you hear the word aggression? Have you ever thought whether violence portrayed in different forms of media make people more aggressive? The immediate reaction to such a word is fighting or violence. Many issues are determinants of aggression but media violence has played a huge role in influencing aggressive behavior. Over the past years, aggression has been tied to numerousRead MoreDo Video Games Inspire Violent Behavior?1713 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding the effects of violent video games and the development of today’s youth. Many people believe that the violence in video games promotes aggression. According to Doctor Brad Bushman’s article, Do Violent Video Games Increase Aggression? he claims that violent video games leads to aggression because it is interactive process that teaches and rewards violent behavior. Yet others believe that this not the case. Gregg Toppo of the Scientific American, writes in his article , â€Å"Do Video Games InspireRead MoreVideo Game : Video Games1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe violent video games that are commonly played by boys and girls, young and old alike in today’s society. Many experts fear that this violence in video games increases violence in people in real life, causing people to act out as if they were in the video game, increasing aggressive behavior so much that it could actually escalate to shooting, stabbing, and killing people. 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Technology has allowed video games to become very sophisticated and lifelike. This development has brought video games to a multi-billion dollar industry. Nevertheless, with the level of practicality, there are also negative affects to humanity. Since the manufacture of viole nt video games, there has been a constant quarrel whether or notRead MoreAdolescent Aggression Based on Violent Videogames1645 Words   |  7 PagesAggression Based on Violent Videogames Violent video games played by millions of people every day results in animated characters having hearts ripped out, heads decapitated, and blood squirting across the screen as their mutilated bodies are erased from the screen. Most players play these games to pass the time, increase hand eye coordination, and create harmless competitions amongst those playing. However, some who play these games are entranced by the violent aggressive behaviors demonstrated

Cyclical Unemployment and Structural Unemployment

Question: Discuss about the Cyclical Unemployment and Structural Unemployment. Answer: Introduction: Countries focusing on economic development at all levels consider unemployment as a pain-staking affair that makes the whole systems process vulnerable. It brings poverty along with desolation from the conventional way of life. It is described as an observable fact that takes place when an individual who is vigorously looking for a job is not able to find any. The unemployments rate is one of the most common procedures in measuring unemployment. The rate of unemployment is defined as the measure of the occurrence of unemployment. It is measured as a percentage, which is obtained by dividing the number of unemployed by all individuals who are presently in the work force. A high rate of unemployment is mostly common during the periods of recession. The circumstances that are surrounded around the current economic performance of Australia are quite diverse as compared to the previous circumstance (Hobson 2013). This essay offers a concise impression about the diverse types of unemployment in numerous states of Australia. It shows that the economy of Australia has experienced huge changes in the characteristics of what it produces and how it produces. These are mostly caused by the changes in technology. The greatest damage to an individual is mostly done by unemployment that continues for months or years. It shows provides an overview about the government policy in Australia. Australian states like NSW, Tasmania, SA and WA are in the process of applying diversified strategies related to unemployment. The economy is faced with various sorts of unemployment where the extreme sort of unemployment is cyclical unemployment. It takes place when there is not satisfactory aggregate demand in the economy to provide jobs for each person who desires to work. Most of the economists describe cyclical unemployment as a situation that takes place due to inadequate demand for labor in a business (Quercia, Pennington-Cross and Tian 2014). The downturn in the business cycle mostly leads to this type of unemployment. It generally occurs when the economy contracts, as calculated by Gross Domestic Product. It is termed as cyclical because, the unemployed individuals mostly are rehired when the economy re-enters the expansion phase of the business cycle. Cyclical unemployment is one of the three major classes of unemployment as acknowledged by economists. Other types on unemployment includes structural and frictional. A feature of overall unemployment that associates to the cyclical trends in expansio n and production that takes place within the business cycle. Cyclical unemployment tends to be low when business cycles hit the highest point. This is mostly because total economic productivity is being maximized. With the fall in economic output, the business cycle lowers and cyclical unemployment increases. The Great Depression is one of the biggest example of cyclical unemployment (Diamond 2013). Structural unemployment mostly deals with the structural issues within an economy as well as inefficiencies in the labor market. It also arises when there is a disparity between the skills of the unemployed individuals as well as skills that required for the jobs that are available. The most imperative reason that leads to structural unemployment is globalization. If the local area of a country is affected by structural unemployment, it is termed as regional unemployment. It is a longer-lasting form of unemployment, which takes place due to elementary changes in the economy. The lack of required job skills of the workers mostly leads to structural unemployment and it takes place due to several forces other than the business cycle. In other words, structural unemployment can last for decades and may require essential change to equalize the situation. Another most common type of unemployment is frictional unemployment that is also referred to as search unemployment. It takes place when employees lose their present job and in the procedure of searching another one. This type on unemployment is mostly influenced by voluntary choice to work on the basis of the valuation of individuals. It also suggests that full-time unemployment is not possible at any point of time as few employees will always be in the procedure to change jobs (Quercia, Pennington-Cross and Tian 2014). The diagram illustrates demand deficient unemployment that mostly takes place due to lack of aggregate demand. The lack leads to fall in the level of output as well as the level of price. This mostly takes place due to inadequate demand in the economy in order to maintain a full-time employment. It might lead to greater rate of long-term unemployment. When individuals become unemployed, they either become de-skilled or de motivated. As a result, they might find it difficult to get a job in the future. Hence, a period of cyclical unemployment could diminish long-term productive capability. Cyclical unemployment is also associated with demand deficit unemployment and they are mostly used interchangeably (Thirlwall 2015). On the other hand, unemployment can also be divided into voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Involuntary unemployment indicates a circumstance in which not all able individuals who has the desire to work at the existing wage are getting work. This type of unemployment takes place due to lack of aggregate demand that is adequate to ensure full employment. It also illustrates the excess supply of labor, which the rigid rate of wage has failed to eradicate. In other words, with the existence of involuntary unemployment, it is not possible to gain the equilibrium of full employment. Voluntary unemployment describes a circumstance when individuals who are able to work but are not eager to do a job. Such individuals are not considered as the part of the labor force (Harvey 2016). The observation of unemployment is not a specific perception in countries like Australia. If an individual in Australia do not work for at least an hour in a week, they are considered as unemployed. There are three general types of circumstances, which led to labor markets in Australia. The first type is the stronger labor market circumstance; the second is the weaker labor market circumstance; and the third is the ideal labor market circumstance. However, the weaker labor market fact in Australia mostly leads to unemployment. This type of unemployment takes place when the labor supply by households is increasing comparative to the demand for labor by markets. The most common factor that leads to weaker labor markets are high rate of unemployment, decreasing job vacancies, diminished growth of employment as well as rising duration of unemployment. This indicates that the common type of unemployment in Australia is cyclical unemployment (Milner, Page and LaMontagne 2013). The above graph illustrates the rate of unemployment trend in Australia over the past 30 years. It was severely high during the early 1990s that led to high level of recession. However, the lowest rate of unemployment in the period took place just before the financial crisis. The unemployment rate in Australia is closely interrelated with economic growth, present rates of interest as well as future expectation of interest rate (Kler, Leeves and Shankar 2015). There are several issues that are related to long-term unemployment, which in turn generates social and economic problems in Australia. A sharp increase in long-term unemployment takes an increasing toll on the collective welfare of Australia. It also leads to loss of income as well as societal problems that affects individuals in a negative manner. According to reports, the long-term unemployment to collective welfare of Australia has reached $3.3 billion per year. Costs generated by unemployment are measured as dead losses as such costs do not create any profits or benefits. Long-drawn-out unemployment can also lead to increase in protectionist as well as anti-immigration propensities in society. Unemployment generally leads to financial cost to the country, as governments are forced to distribute larger amounts of unemployed benefits. The most common negative impact of long-term unemployment is skills deteriorate. In Australia, most of the production of commodities and services is manufactured through formal economy. In other words, most of the individuals in Australia work for wages. Some groups face elevated risk of being unemployed as compared to the average (Gregory and Smith 2016). Australia had experienced a detonation in real wages in current years, especially when viewed from the perspective of workers. This had mostly occurred due to decrease in the rate of inflation rather than any boom in growth of nominal wages. However, the real wage boom was considered to apparent when measured from perspective of the producers rather than the perspective of the employees. This wedge between producers and employees had been formed due to changes in the terms of trade as well as changes in policy (Morris and Wilson 2014). The boom of real wage had contributed greatly to the increasing rate of unemployment in Australia. Australia has the highest rate of part-time workers that reflects a moderately elastic labor market assisting individuals to choose the number of hours of work that best suits their individual circumstances. The increasing importance of part-time workers illustrates an imperative structural change in the Australian labor market. With federal fixing of wage, pressure of wages in one sector of Australia is probable to flow more quickly into other parts of the economy, even where demand for labor was less perceptible (Mavromaras, Sloane and Wei 2015). Australia mostly operates an active immigration program that comprises of three key components. The first component deals with skilled migrants who are selected for their probable rapid incorporation into the labor market of Australia. Migrants to Australia comprise individuals from non-English speaking backgrounds. According to ABS reports, the rate of unemployment decreased in New South Wales (NSW) from 0.1 percent to 5.9 percent as well as in Queensland (Qld) from 0.1 percent to 6.3 percent. However, in Victoria the rate of unemployment increased up 0.1 percent to 6.2 percent. The rate of unemployment has also been steady in Western Australia (WA) at 6.1 percent. The Northern Territory witnessed its unemployment rate being increased to 4.9 percent from 0.2 percent. Due to financial crisis, most of the states of Australia had rates of unemployment from 5.2 percent to 5.5 percent (Sharma, Oczkowski and Hicks 2016). The trend of unemployment did not change in Tasmania, as it was 7.3 percent in the year 2015, which is similar to the previous year. It also remained higher as compared to the national rate of 5.1 percent. As compared to other states and territories, Tasmania recorded the highest rate of unemployment at 7.3 percent whereas; Australia Capital Territory (ACT) recorded the lowest rate of unemployment that is equal to 3.4 percent. The two largest states of Australia have the healthiest labor markets. The total unemployment and under-employment in NSW records a total of 15.2 percent. The graph shows the comparison of unemployment and under-employment in different states of Australia (Carvalho 2015). According to the ABS, the rate of unemployment had remained steady at 5.7 percent with an approximated addition of 17,900 jobs. It has also been reported that there were almost 153,800 full-time workers in Tasmania in the year 2014, however; at present there are only 143,800 full-time workers. This provides a difference of 10,000. According to most of the economists, Australia requires to create almost 20,000 jobs in order to stable unemployment rate. However, the overall increase in jobs was in part-time work rather than full-time work. The rate of unemployed is increasing as the unemployed are rousingly giving up searching for full-time work. As per the recent data, there were almost 232,200 individuals were employed in Tasmania in the year 2013. However, the number decreased in the year 2014 to 232,000 that indicated that only 200 people employed. The rate of unemployment increased in Victoria in the year 2016 up to 5.8 percent whereas; it increased to 5.7 percent in Western Australia (Nymoen and Sparrman 2015). In order to maintain a socio-economic condition, every country has a developed policy to reduce its rate of unemployment as well as to increase employment. The commitments of Australia on broad macro and microeconomic strategies will help to stabilize the economy. This will in turn lead to creation of private sector jobs. The settings of government policy lead to the creation of substantial fiscal position as well as reduced business costs (Carraro Siniscalco 2013). The government of Australia commits to achieve budget surplus over the course of the economic cycle. They are also likely to make a stronger investment to increase productivity and labor force participation. The macroeconomic policy commitments also require strengthening of balance sheet of the government to improve net financial worth over the course of time (Lloyd and Ramsay 2015). Under the macroeconomic policy framework of the government, automatic fiscal stabilizers as the major demand management tool that support the monetary policy acts. Different states of Australia apply different policies that are related to unemployment. In order to enhance employment, states such as ACT, Western Australia and NSW are following the policy of low minimum wages. They follow this policy in order to make it easier for the employers to hire more workers that will reduce the rate of unemployment. On the other hand, Victoria, Qld, Tasmania and South Australia situates the minimum wage lower than that of the present minimum wage to reduce the rate of unemployment (Gal 2015). According to Weiss (2014), the Commonwealth and State government of Australia had undertaken fiscal consolidation at a measured pace that would help to reinstate the structural reliability of the government revenues over the medium term. The Australian government also provides unemployment benefits to the individuals who are unemployed for more than 12 months in order to encourage them to obtain employment. The policy of the government also includes commitments that will help to increase competitiveness as well as support investment. The government believes that private investment and private enterprise are regarded as the major drivers of economic growth as well as nationwide propensity. The government is also implanting new industry innovation and competitiveness agenda that will provide the employees with the skills that they require adapting to the changing economic circumstances and seizing new prospects. Government is also dedicated to cut the costs from trade on redundant red and green tape. This in turn helps trade to get free to provide jobs and accomplish required social and environmental objectives (Makin and Pearce 2016). The government had also introduced an expanded Work for the Dole program to eradicate the rate of youth unemployment. The government had also decided to provide $A 2,500 job commitment bonus to those individuals who have been unemployed for more than a year. The government had also introduced generous Trade Support Loan in order to make sure that the beginners of Australia receive a support that they require to get a job. Unemployment is larger than necessary due to the fact that the tighter monetary policy in Australia discouraged some investment that in turn leads to accumulation of capital as well as substantial output growth. One of the best policy that helped to reduce the rate of unemployment was quicker movements in fiscal policy in order to dampen the economic shocks. Monetary policy on the other hand, was used to accomplish an inflation target in the broad range of 2-6 percent (Considine, O'Sullivan and Nguyen 2014). It can be concluded that the short-term effects related to unemployment was deregulation that lowered wages in the economy that led to increase in employment. However, there has been very little effect on wages and employment in the center. It can be concluded that in order to reduce unemployment rate it is imperative to involve more active labor market programs along with augmented participation in education and training. This will in turn contribute to a more flexible and adaptable labor market in Australia. This will also help Australia to have a lower rate of unemployment as compared to the other OECD countries. The boom of real wage had contributed greatly to the increasing rate of unemployment in Australia. Australia has the highest rate of part-time workers that reflects a comparatively flexible labor market facilitating individuals to choose the number of hours of work that best suits their individual situation. The enhancing performance of the labor market illustrates a payo ff from the broad range of macroeconomic and microeconomic reforms. It can also be concluded that when unemployment is combined with high rate of productivity, it helps to enhance economic and social outcomes that will in turn help individuals to make a correct decision regarding jobs. It can also be concluded that there are several factors that influence the rate of unemployment. These mostly include prevailing economic surrounding as well as the institutional and policy structure for the labor market. Longer-term trends in the participation rates of Australia are driven hugely by structural factors rather than by short-term fluctuation in the labor market. The incentive that individuals on wellbeing and other benefits have to enter employment is also an imperative part of structural factors. it can also be concluded that a sharp increase in long-term unemployment takes an increasing toll on the collective welfare of Australia. References Carraro, C., Siniscalco, D. (Eds.). (2013).Environmental fiscal reform and unemployment(Vol. 7). Springer Science Business Media. Carvalho, P., 2015. Youth unemployment in Australia. Policy: A Journal of Public Policy and Ideas, 31(4), p.36. Considine, M., O'Sullivan, S. and Nguyen, P., 2014. New public management and welfare-to-work in Australia: Comparing the reform agendas of the ALP and the Coalition. Australian Journal of Political Science, 49(3), pp.469-485. Diamond, P., 2013. Cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment. IMF Economic Review, 61(3), pp.410-455. Dividend.net.au. (2017).3 Charts that shows Australia Unemployment Rate by State. [online] Available at: https://dividend.net.au/australia-unemployment-rate-by-state/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Gal, J., 2015. Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Gregory, R.G. and Smith, R.E., 2016. 15 Unemployment, Inflation and Job Creation Policies in Australia. Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making, p.325. Harvey, J.T., 2016. An Introduction to Post Keynesian Economics: Involuntary Unemployment With Perfectly Flexible Wages and Prices. The American Economist, 61(2), pp.140-156. Hobson, J.A., 2013. The Economics of Unemployment (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Kler, P., Leeves, G. and Shankar, S., 2015. Nothing to fear but fear itself: Perceptions of job security in Australia after the global financial crisis.Social Indicators Research,123(3), pp.753-769. Lloyd, C. and Ramsay, T., 2015. Macroeconomic prosperity and social inclusion: From long-run history to the shock of may 2014 [Book Review]. Journal of Australian Political Economy, The, (74), p.38. Makin, A.J. and Pearce, J., 2016. Fiscal Consolidation and Australia's Public Debt. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 75(4), pp.424-440. Mavromaras, K., Sloane, P. and Wei, Z., 2015. The scarring effects of unemployment, low pay and skills under-utilization in Australia compared. Applied economics, 47(23), pp.2413-2429. Milner, A., Page, A. and LaMontagne, A.D., 2013. Duration of unemployment and suicide in Australia over the period 19852006: an ecological investigation by sex and age during rising versus declining national unemployment rates. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 67(3), pp.237-244. Morris, A. and Wilson, S., 2014. Struggling on the Newstart unemployment benefit in Australia: The experience of a neoliberal form of employment assistance. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 25(2), pp.202-221. Nymoen, R. and Sparrman, V., 2015. Equilibrium unemployment dynamics in a panel of OECD countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 77(2), pp.164-190. Quercia, R.G., Pennington-Cross, A. and Tian, C.Y., 2014. Differential impacts of structural and cyclical unemployment on mortgage default and prepayment. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp.1-22. Quercia, R.G., Pennington-Cross, A. and Tian, C.Y., 2014. Differential impacts of structural and cyclical unemployment on mortgage default and prepayment. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp.1-22. Roy Morgan. (2017).The Two-Speed economy returns with soaring unemployment and under-employment in Australias four smaller States (QLD, WA, SA Tas). [online] Available at: https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/7079-australian-state-unemployment-under-employment-august-october-2016-201612011545 [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Sharma, K., Oczkowski, E. and Hicks, J., 2016. Skill Shortages in Regional New South Wales: The Case of the Riverina. Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy. Thirlwall, A.P., 2015. The Relevance of Keynes Today with Particular Reference to Unemployment in Rich and Poor Countries. InEssays on Keynesian and Kaldorian Economics(pp. 121-148). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.

Novel Oliver Twist Essay Example

Novel Oliver Twist Paper Dickens graphic language here, effectively and vividly describes the intensity of his hunger, and the slow torture, which had been imposed upon him. The fact that Oliver was given food that was neglected by the dog shows us how low they considered the life of orphans to be. Even animals were given more care and attention than the orphans. And though it was food for the dog, Oliver ate it without any second thought due to the intensity of his hunger . It shows us how all the orphans like Oliver were treated, and the miserable lives they have to go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Oliver Twist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Oliver Twist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However Oliver was not sold to the man as he pleaded with magistrates not to let him go with such a mean man. Oliver was returned to the workhouse, before at last being sold to Mr. Sowerberry, a local undertaker, who seemed a kind man. Then, Olivers life becomes even more unbearable at Mr. Sowberrys house. The kicks, cuffs and hate at the poor house were more tolerable. This also shows how common in society was cruelty to the poor. This was not merely those connected with the parish, charity or with the system who were inhumane but all ordinary lower or middle class people. Kindness and compassion seem to have vanished from Victorian society. Dickens portrays a picture of one section of society as the stronger and the mightier praying upon the helpless. This seems to be rampant in the Victorian society. People like Bumble, Mrs. Mann and many other officials of the board prosper at the experience of the misery of the inmates of the poor house. Ordinary lower and middle class people appear as predators living upon the hard work of helpless and powerless Oliver Twists In the first half of the novel reference to the wealthy and powerful real upper class is significantly absent. Dickens is indirectly bringing out the compartmentalization in society. The upper class had absolutely no clue at all about the way the other classes lived. They occupied an ethereal world full of elegance and glamour; they had no idea of the private lives of even their own servants . In a way they were completely out of touch with the realities of their society. Dickenss Oliver Twist was an eye opener to them. For the first time in their lives they were made to face the hypocrisy of the squalor and the murkiness of the life of the lower class. This was Dickens greatest contribution to whole society of his times. Olivers meeting with the Artful Dodger is the beginning of a new phase of his life and he is introduced to criminal underworld of London. He entices Oliver with a promise that he would take him to an old gentleman who would give him lodging for no thing and never ask for the change. Olivers encounter with Fagin and his gang of thieves is also symbolic of the destroyal of innocence. Oliver learns about the evil, the brute violence, the coward ness and the complete lack of morality of a significant section of London society. The setting of the under world is used as a contrast to the other higher classes living standards, as Oliver is being led to Fagins den we see through his eyes the horrible life led by the people of the third class society. Oliver says that he has never seen, A dirtier and more wretched place, than this . We see through the eyes of young Oliver the appalling conditions of the den as, The walls and ceilings of the room were perfectly black with age and dirt. And yet the under world is also represented by the hardend and cruel Bill Sikes. Sikes is portrayed as a bully, a robber, and a murderer. Because he is an ally of Fagin, they are described as the two faces of evil. Fagin plans the crimes and Sikes executes it. He is shown as a brutal man through the way he treats everyone even his dog. Its possible that Sikes evil is so frightening because it is so physical. From the beginning, Dickens compares him to a beast. He uses brute violence to bully, intimidate, and injure other people like Nancy, his unwilling accomplice Oliver, and even clever but cowardly Fagin. We see this through his uncaring attitude to sacrificing Oliver Twists life in the dangerous attempt to rob the Maylies house . He even threatens to kill a child when he says to Oliver-If you speak a word when we are out of doors with me, except when I speak to you, that loading will be in your head without notice. Sikess indifferent attitude towards Oliver is also shown as he just leaves him injured when the burglary fails and Oliver is shot and was in a bad condition. Throughout the novel we see that any location that has to do with the middle class or lower class was a filthy and pungent place unlike upper -class societies. The ground was covered, nearly ankle deep with filth and mire Dickens also uses weather to describe the setting when he says: It was a cheerless morning, bowling a raining hard and the clouds looking dull and stormy. These show the corruption and decay in the Victorian society. The Victorians anti-Semitic attitude is brought out in Dickens portrayal of Fagin. This hatred for the Jews went back to several centuries and through the villainous Fagin, Dickens brings out the typical attitude of the Victorians towards all the Jews in general. When we are introduced to Fagin, we see through the eyes of Oliver that he was A very old shrivelled Jew, whose villainous-looking and repulsive face was obscured by a quantity of matted red hair. Fagin is a master criminal whose specialty is fencing (selling stolen property). He employs a gang of thieves-some of them ignorant children and is always in the lookout for new recruits. To readers Fagin seems like a villain straight out of the melodrama skulking through dark London alleys and called old gentle man (a common nick name for Satan at that time). To Victorian readers, the fact that he is a Jew would have indicated that he was greedy, mean, miserly spiteful alienated and unsympathetic. Furthermore he is portrayed as the evil rogue as Oliver compares him to a loathsome reptile. Fagin along with other criminals such as the hardened bill Sikes represent the underground world. Dickens fills the novel with interesting villains . The criminal underworld is crammed with mistrustful characters, from the renowned housebreaker Toby Crackit to the nai ve and stupid Tom Chitling. Crime is a central theme in Oliver Twist. Dickens presents a vivid Picture of a 19th century underworld through his presentations of Fagin and his gang. However we are not meant to merely view crime but also to understand its effect on others . The criminal world inhabited by Fagin is on the surface, lively and in some ways attractive, but underneath, it is dangerous, violent and deadly. Throughout the novel, we see that most of the characters connected to the underground world appear trapped, through either poverty of habit, in this life of crime. The social and human cost of crime is obvious. Nancy, for example, is the helpless product of the slums, the pupil of Fagin and abused mistress of Sikes . She is a prostitute and an accomplice of crooks, however she has the instincts of a good person. She was corrupted by Fagin as a child to steal for him and she fears and hates him. This is evident when she calls him a villain and says: I thieved for you when I was a child not half as old as Oliver . I have been in the same trade and in the same service for twelve years. - It is my living and the cold, wet and dirty streets are my home: and you are the wretch that drove me to them a long time ago. The readers sympathy is also aroused for Nancy, as she had been a victim of the cruelty of the under world that spares no one. Dickens makes the reader aware that Nancy is doomed to a certain way of life and that she accepts her fate with grim determination. She tries to protect Oliver from it any way as her guilty conscious doesnt allow her to let him go through all the pain and suffering that she had undergone as,she felt burdened with the sense of her own deep shame. Nancy represents all the other young girls who have been deprived to their lives and forced into the criminal underworld by people like Fagin and Sikes . We empathise with Nancy when she says to Rose Maylie - Thank heaven that you have friends to care for you in your child hood and that you were never alone in the midst of cold and hunger, riot and drunkenness and -and something worse than all -as I have been from my cradle. I may use the word, for the alley gutter were mine, as they will be my death-bed. Nancy is one of the very few of the underworld headed by Fagin and Sikes who show not only positive but also noble qualities . She knows her life has been a waste and it is point less regretting about it. But she shows nobility of character when she even places her life online to rescue Oliver from a fate similar to hers. We cannot help but feel sorry for Nancy. In fact I think she is the character who shows more courage than anyone else. Nancy represents the thousands in Victorian England who through poverty and want by sheer misfortune of birth descends into a life of crime and evil for which we can hardly hold them responsible. Similarly we see how the underground world has affected the lives of many other people such as the Charley Bates. However it is due to the poor living conditions that these people had to join the ranks of criminals to survive, as it was their only way to live. In Dickenss portrayal of the upper class he displays a kindness and generosity that is fortunately absent in dealing with the middle class. Mr. Brownlow and the Maylies are shown as the kind, considerate, compassionate and noble with faith in humanity and a willingness to help. This was Dickens way of telling us that all is not bad with Victorian society. There are people who deserve to be admired and appreciated. This is why his novel presents a more or less balanced picture of society. Mr. Brownlow is a generous man, concerned for other people. He represents the upper class section of society, but unlike the typical uncaring attitude of upper class Victorian society, Mr. Brownlow is shown as a kind hearted man . Not only does he withdraw his accusations of Oliver, he takes the boy home with him and nurses him out of his fever. Oliver gets a taste of good treatment for the first time only in Mr. Brownlows house as-These were the happy days of Olivers recovery. Every thing was so quite, and neat, and orderly, every body so kind and gentle, that after the noise and turbulence in the midst of which he had always lived, it seemed like heaven it self. Mr. Brownlows house was a contrast to the underground world as even his study was: A little back room quite full of books, with a window looking into some pleasant little gardens. The pleasant and neat place was in contrast to Fagins den. A second contrast to the underground world is the Maylies . The characters who inhibit the world of the Maylies are in direct contrast to the criminal underworld of London. Mrs Maylie is kind and compassionate and does not hesitate in caring for Oliver when he arrives, seriously injured, on her doorstep after the bungled burglary . All the characters connected with the Maylies especially Mr. Losberne, the doctor, and Harry Maylie, are all pleasant and worthy people, showing a sympathetic kindness toward Oliver and actively helping in restoring his birthright to him. Nancy and Oliver Twist represents the inmate in spite of the misery of the workhouse and the moral degradation of the underworld has very strong values and ideals at no stage do you find Oliver Twist doing something that is morally wrong or that which goes against his conscience. His is an example of the triumph of nature over nurture. Nancy a couple of decades ago was possibly like Oliver Twist. Her innate goodness was submerged in the corruption and decay of the under world. Nancy is an example of how nature collapses under the power of nurture. What Dickens is showing through the novel is that the poor are not criminals. They are not bad or evil. They are people with much capacity for goodness but sadly society represented by the Bumbles and Manns never gave them a chance this is why Dickens in his description of the underworld refrains from being so bitterly sarcastic about them. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Oliver Twist section.